A Regency Era Carriage Primer 摄政时代马车入门
本周的文章将探讨人们如何在伦敦的各个地点以及伦敦以外的目的地之间出行。没错，我们将研究摄政时代的各种交通工具，从马车到不同类型的四轮马车以及其他马拉车辆。毕竟，就像在现代小说中一样，历史小说中的男主角驾驶什么车，很大程度上反映了他的身份，也体现了作者所做的研究工作。
This week’s post examines how people traveled between all those places in London and also all those other destinations outside of London. That’s right, we’re looking at the wide variety of conveyances from the Regency Era carriage, to different types of coaches and other horse drawn carriage types. After all, just like in contemporaries, what the hero of that historical novel drives says a lot about him and the research that the author has done.
Regency Era Carriage Types 摄政时代马车类型
Buggy 轻便马车
轻便马车（Buggy）——一种轻型、无篷、单马牵引的双轮车辆——通常搭载一名乘客。
Buggies– light, un-hooded, one-horsed vehicles with two wheels– carried a single passenger.
Carriage 马车
马车（Carriage）通常指任何由两匹或更多马匹牵引的私人四轮客运车辆。
A carriage usually refers to any private, four-wheeled passenger vehicle drawn by two or more horses.
Cart 板车
板车（Cart）通常是一种没有悬挂系统的双轮货车，由单马牵引，机动灵活。它是一种通用的商业或农用车辆。
Typically a two-wheeled wagon with no suspension, a cart was maneuverable and drawn by a single horse. It was a general-purpose trade or farm vehicle.
Chaise 轻便马车
轻便马车（Chaise）是一种用于休闲或旅行的马车，通常是敞篷的、车身较低的四轮车辆，由一匹或两匹小马牵引。租赁的驿站轻便马车（Post Chaise）常被称为“黄色跳跃者”，总是漆成鲜艳的黄色，由一名骑在其中一匹租赁马匹上的御手控制车辆。
A chaise was a pleasure or traveling carriage that was usually open and low with four wheels and drawn by one or two ponies. Often referred to as “a yellow bounder”, a hired Post Chaise were always painted bright yellow and a postillion riding one of the rented horses controlled the vehicle.
Coach 四轮大马车
四轮大马车（Coach）是一种庄严的四轮马车，四面都有窗户。其特点还包括弯曲的车底和可容纳四名乘客的座位。城市四轮大马车（Town Coach）体型庞大，通常由多达六匹马牵引，车门上通常绘有纹章。
Coaches were stately carriages with four wheels and windows on all sides. The curved underbody and seating for four passengers were also characteristic. A Town Coach was massive and often drawn by up to six horses and usually sported a coat of arms painted on the doors.
Curricle 双马双轮轻便马车
双马双轮轻便马车（Curricle）是一种由一对马匹牵引的轻型双轮车辆，用于短途旅行。这是唯一一种由一对马匹牵引的双轮车辆，其横杆通过垫子连接到马背上，以支撑车辕的重量。选择双马双轮轻便马车还是双马四轮轻便马车（Phaeton）的主要区别在于车轮的数量。Curricle 有两个轮子，而 Phaeton 有四个轮子，尽管后者在名声上更具危险性和鲁莽色彩。
Curricles were light, two-wheeled vehicles pulled by a pair of horses that were used for short trips. This was the only two-wheeled vehicle to be drawn by a pair of horses and a steel bar, attached with pads to the horses’ backs which supported the weight of the pole. The main difference between choosing curricle vs phaeton is the number of wheels. Curricles have two and phaetons have four, despite their more dangerous and reckless reputations.
Four-in-hand 四马驾车
四马驾车（Four-in-hand）指的是由四匹马牵引，并由一人在驾驶座上驾驶的车辆。
This referred to a vehicle drawn by four horses and driven by one person on the box.
Gig 单马双轮轻便马车
单马双轮轻便马车（Gig）是一种轻型、双轮、单马牵引的车辆，可搭载两名乘客。这是道路上最常见的车辆。
Gigs were light, two-wheeled, one-horsed vehicles for two passengers. This was the most common vehicle on the road.
Specific Vehicles by Name 具体车型名称
Barouche 敞篷四轮马车
敞篷四轮马车（Barouche）后部有一个可折叠的车篷，被认为是一种用于在大型公园行驶的夏季车辆。它由一对优质马匹牵引，以衬托这种昂贵而时尚的车辆。
The barouche had a collapsible hood over the back and was considered a summer vehicle used for driving in the great parks. It was drawn by a pair of high quality horses to complement the expensive and fashionable vehicle.
Break (Brake) 训练马车
训练马车（Break/Brake）是一种四轮敞篷乡村车辆。狩猎用训练马车（Shooting Break）足够大，可以搭载六名猎人，并将他们的狗、枪支和猎物放在侧面有板条的行李箱中。这种类型的车辆偶尔会有车篷，但通常的特征是从后部进入，座位沿车身长度方向排列，乘客面对面而坐。
The break was an open country vehicle with four wheels. The Shooting Break was large enough to carry six sportsmen, their dogs, their guns and game in the slatted side boot (trunk). This type of vehicle occasionally had a hood, but is generally characterized by a rear entry and the seats running the length of the vehicle with the passengers facing one another.
Dog-Cart 狗车
狗车（Dog-Cart）源自单马双轮轻便马车（Gig），最初用于搭载四名背对背坐着的猎人，他们的狗则放在下方带有威尼斯式板条侧壁的深行李箱中。它是一种用于驾驶的轻型双轮车辆。这种车经常与小马车（Pony Cart）混淆。
Derived from a gig and originally used to carry four sportsmen sitting back to back with their dogs beneath in a deep boot with Venetian slatted sides, the dog-cart was a light two-wheeled vehicle for driving in. This is often confused for the Pony Cart.
Hackney 出租马车
出租马车（Hackney）是供租赁的四轮大马车或马车。这个名字来源于法语词汇 haquenée，意为供租赁的马。这些马车通常是贵族淘汰下来的，因其破旧、肮脏的内饰而被人看不起。
These were coaches or carriages for hire. The name comes from the French term haquenée meaning horse for hire. Often these coaches had been discarded by the nobility and were looked down upon because of their shabby, dirty interiors.
Landau 兰道马车
兰道马车（Landau）是一种带有两部分可折叠车篷的四轮马车。前后两半车篷可以独立升起和放下。
A landau was a four-wheeled carriage with a folding two-part hood. The front and rear halves could be raised and lowered independently.
Mail Coach 邮政马车
官方邮政马车（Mail Coach）遵循固定路线，将邮件和乘客运送到特定的驿站，并严格遵守时间表。通常由六匹马牵引，在固定的驿站更换马匹，因此这些马车可以全程运行。
The official mail coaches, which followed fixed routes, carried mail and passengers to specific coaching inns and followed a strict schedule. Usually pulled by six horses changed out at regular post stops, these coaches could therefore run all the way.
Phaeton 双马四轮轻便马车
双马四轮轻便马车（Phaeton）是指一种轻型、通常车身较低的四轮敞篷马车，由一对马匹牵引。其中一种变体，即更具运动感的“高座”Phaeton，因其浪漫、冒险的名声而经常出现在小说中。它的名字更贴切地来源于希腊太阳神赫利俄斯的儿子法厄同（Phaetõn），他因驾驶太阳战车技术不佳而闻名。这种车型的不稳定性为驾驶它的角色增添了一丝危险和刺激的气息。
A phaeton refers to a light and usually low-slung, four-wheeled open carriage drawn by a pair of horses. One variation, the sportier “high perch” phaeton often stars in novels because of its romantic, adventurous reputation. More aptly named after Phaetõn, the son of the Greek sun-god Helios, known for his poor driving of the sun chariot, the precariousness of this model lends an air of danger and excitement to the characters who drive them.
Pony Cart 小马车
小马车（Pony Cart）由一匹小马牵引，这种小巧、轻便的双轮车辆可容纳 2 名乘客。当“狗车”一词被误用时，几乎总是指这种类型的车辆。
Drawn by a pony, this small, light, two-wheeled vehicle held 2 passengers. This type of vehicle is almost always what is meant by “dog-cart” when used improperly.
Sleigh 雪橇
雪橇（Sleigh）是一种冬季车辆，拥有高高的挡板，以帮助保护乘客免受马匹踢起的雪块袭击。虽然是从前座驾驶，但马夫通常坐在后部的折叠座上，因为重量有助于抬起滑道的如前部。
A winter vehicle, the sleigh possessed high dash boards to help protect passengers from clods of snow thrown up by the horses. Although driven from the front seat, a groom often sat in the rear rumble seat as the weight helped to lift up the front of the runners.
Stage Coach 公共马车
公共马车（Stage Coach）是一种大型四轮马车，车内和车顶都有封闭的座位。这种马车通常由四匹马牵引，以固定的费率和时间运送乘客，并在完成路线的每个路段或“阶段”时停下来用餐和更换马匹。在邮政马车取代邮递员后，公共马车继续经营其监管较少的业务，同时提供替代路线和不同的出发时间。
Stage coaches were large, four-wheeled carriages with enclosed seats inside and on the roof. Typically drawn by four horses, these coaches carried passengers at fixed rates and times with stops for meals and to change the horses as they completed each segment or “stage” of their route. After mail coaches replaced post riders, stage coaches continued their less regulated business while offering alternate routes and varying departure times.
Later Vehicles – Victorian Era 维多利亚时代晚期车辆
Brougham 布鲁厄姆马车
布鲁厄姆马车（Brougham）是一种由单马牵引的封闭式马车，窗户比四轮大马车少。它由布鲁厄姆勋爵于 1839 年设计，在维多利亚时代受到中产阶级和上层阶级的欢迎。
An enclosed carriage drawn by a single horse, the brougham had fewer windows than a coach. Designed by Lord Brougham in 1839, it became popular in the Victorian age with both the middle and upper classes.
Cabriolet 敞篷轻便马车
敞篷轻便马车（Cabriolet）由单马牵引，是一种轻型、双轮、带篷的轻便马车。在维多利亚女王统治早期，这种车辆最终取代了双马双轮轻便马车（Curricle），成为社交界男士的座驾。
Drawn by a single horse, the cabriolet was a light, two-wheeled, hooded chaise. This vehicle eventually replaced the curricle for men in society early in Queen Victoria’s reign.
Hansom Cab 汉索姆出租马车
汉索姆出租马车（Hansom Cab）于 1834 年获得专利，是一种双轮敞篷轻便马车。司机坐在两名乘客后面，缰绳越过车顶。虽然通常是供租赁的公共车辆，但许多汉索姆出租马车也是私人拥有的。由于其相当时髦和快速的名声，没有一位真正的淑女会考虑独自乘坐这种车外出。
Patented in 1834, the hansom cab was a two-wheeled cabriolet. The driver sat behind the two passengers with the reins going over the roof. Although typically public vehicles for hire, many Hansom Cabs were privately owned. Because of their rather dashing and fast reputation, no true lady would consider venturing out in one alone.
Omnibus 公共汽车
公共汽车（Omnibus）是一种大型轮式公共车辆，沿固定路线行驶。1829 年，Shillibeer 的第一辆公共汽车拥有可容纳 18 名乘客的长凳座位。
An omnibus, a large, wheeled public vehicle, followed a fixed route. In 1829, Shillibeer’s first omnibus had bench seats for 18 passengers.
Glossary of Carriages 马车术语表
Barouche 敞篷四轮马车
一种用于在大型公园行驶的夏季车辆。源自德国和波兰，最初是一种结构笨重、车身低矮无需台阶即可上车的大型车辆，后来变得更加优雅，如 Canoe-Landau，后座上方只有一个车篷。由一对优质马匹牵引，这是一种昂贵而时尚的车辆。
A summer vehicle used for driving in the great parks. Originating from Germany and Poland, as a large clumsy vehicle built near the ground with no step needed, it later became more elegant like the Canoe-Landauwith only one hood over the back seat. Drawn by pairs of high quality horses this was an expensive fashionable vehicle.
Break (Brake) 训练马车
一种形状各异的四轮敞篷乡村车辆。狩猎用训练马车（Shooting Break） 可搭载六名猎人，并在有板条的侧面行李箱中放置他们的狗、枪支和猎物。训练马车有时带有车篷，其特点是拥有纵向座位，乘客面对面而坐，并从后部下车。点击此处查看真实的 Kinross Wagonnette Break 照片。
A four wheeled, open country vehicle of varying shapes. The Shooting Break carried six sportsmen with space for their dogs, guns and game in the slatted sided boot. Break vehicles, sometimes have a hood and are characterised by having longitudinal seats with the passengers sitting facing each other and alighting by a rear entry. See photographs of a real Kinross Wagonnette Break here.
Brougham 布鲁厄姆马车
一种由单马牵引的封闭式马车，窗户比四轮大马车少。以其设计者、1839 年的英国政治家布鲁厄姆勋爵命名，在维多利亚时代受到贵族和中产阶级的欢迎。查看 Kinross Brougham 的广告，上面写着“圆形前部可移动玻璃”，或点击此处查看照片。
An enclosed carriage drawn by one horse without as many windows as a coach. Named after the designer, Lord Brougham, an English statesman in 1839, it was popular in the Victorian age among both aristocrats and the middle classes. See an advert for a Kinross Brougham with “circular front movable glasses” or a photograph here.
Buggy 轻便马车
一种带篷的 Gig。美国人用“Buggy”来描述各种双轮或四轮车辆，但通常指为速度而建造的轻型马车。查看 Kinross Buggy 的详细信息（该车已停止销售）或 Kinross 夫人展示 Piano Box Buggy 的照片。
A hooded Gig. The Americans use ‘Buggy’ to describe various two or four wheeled vehicles, but generally it refers to light carriages built for speed. See the details of a Kinross Buggy which was withdrawn from saleor a picture of Mrs Kinross showing a Piano Box Buggy.
Cabriolet 敞篷轻便马车
一种轻型、双轮、带篷的单马轻便马车。在维多利亚女王统治早期，取代了双马双轮轻便马车（Curricle），成为社交界男士的时尚座驾。
A light, two-wheeled, hooded one-horse chaise. Replaced the curricle as a fashionable vehicle for society men in the early years of Queen Victoria’s reign.
Calash 盖篷马车
18 世纪 Barouche 的早期版本，一种轻型、四轮、带篷车辆。座位安排类似于 Vis-À-Vis，像 Victoria 一样入口较低。
An earlier version of the Barouche from the 18th Century, a light, four-wheeled, hooded vehicle. The seating arrangement was similar to the Vis-À-Vis and it was low to enter like the Victoria.
Carriage 马车
载人轮式车辆。通常指由两匹或更多马匹牵引的私人四轮车辆。
Wheeled vehicle for persons. Usually private four wheeled vehicle, drawn by two or more horses.
Cart 板车
一种双轮 waggon，优点是更灵活，适合丘陵地区，仅需一匹马牵引而非一组马。一种没有悬挂系统的通用商业或农用车辆。特殊版本具有倾倒机制，通常用于运送粪便（粪车）或建筑材料。
A two wheeled waggon with the advantage of being more manoeuvrable, suitable for hilly districts and drawn by only one horse rather than a team. A general-purpose trade or farm vehicle with no suspension. Special versions had a tipping mechanism and were often used for carting manure (dung carts) or building materials.
Chaise 轻便马车
一种用于休闲或旅行的马车，通常是敞篷、低矮、四轮，由一匹或两匹小马牵引。
A pleasure or travelling carriage, usually open, low, four wheeled and drawn by one or two ponies.
Char-a-banc 敞篷游览车
一种乡村车辆，搭载的乘客比 Wagonette 多，总是由四匹马驾驶。最初用于运送狩猎队，后来被漆得花哨，用于公共观光旅游。
A country vehicle that carried more passengers than a wagonette, always driven by four horses. Originally used for the transport of shooting parties, they were later gaudily painted and used for public sightseeing tours.
Char-de-Cote 侧座马车
一种瑞士车辆，搭载侧向朝外坐着的乘客，以便他们可以欣赏美丽的风景。
A Swiss vehicle that carried passengers sideways facing outwards so that they could look at the beautiful views.
Chariot 轿式马车
一种庄严的四轮马车，只有后座。旅行用 Chariot 是贵族的私人驿站车辆，车门上绘有主人的纹章，车身背部有一个剑箱，内部为缎面装饰，并在后部设有仆人座位。
A stately, four-wheeled carriage with back seats only. The Travelling Chariot was the private posting vehicle of the nobility with the owner’s crest painted on the doors, a sword-case incorporated in the back of the body, a satin interior and seats for the servants up at the back.
Clarence 克拉伦斯马车
一种方形前部的城市车辆，可坐四人，介于 Brougham 和 Coach 之间，由两匹马牵引。由于空间充足，后来被制成街头出租车，获得了“Growler”（咆哮者）的绰号。
A square fronted town vehicle to seat four, being midway between a Brougham and a Coach, drawn by two horses. Having plenty of room they were later made into street cabs, earning the nickname ‘Growler’.
Coach 四轮大马车
皇家马车，四轮，可坐四人，通常封闭，四周有窗户，弯曲的车底，车顶构成车身框架的一部分。城市四轮大马车（Town Coach）是一种巨大的车辆，由多达六匹重型马牵引，车门上绘有纹章。
State carriage, four-wheeled, seating four, usually enclosed with windows all around, a curved underbody and the roof forming part of the framing of the body. A Town Coach was a massive vehicle, drawn by up to six heavy horses, with armorial bearings painted on the doors.
Curricle 双马双轮轻便马车
一种轻型双轮车辆，通常由一对并排的马匹牵引，在 Cabriolet 出现之前是城市男士的最爱。这是唯一一种为双马牵引而建造的双轮车辆，有一根钢条连接到马背上的垫子上，支撑车辕的重量。
A light, two-wheeled vehicle, usually drawn by a pair of horses abreast, a favourite of men-about-town before the cabriolet. This was the only two-wheeled vehicle built to be drawn by a pair, and had a steel bar attached to pads on the horses backs, which supported the weight of the pole.
Dog-Cart 狗车
一种小型、轻便的双轮（后来为四轮）、单马驾驶车辆。用于短途旅行，如去火车站接客人或去购物。第一辆 Perth Dog-Cart 由斯特灵的 William Kinross 先生制造，还有许多类似的车辆。Dog-Cart 源自 Gig，用于搭载四名背对背坐着的猎人，他们的狗在下方带有威尼斯式板条侧壁的深行李箱中。点击此处查看真实的 Kinross 双轮 Dog-Cart、四轮 Dog-Cart、Perth Cart 的照片，或 Stirling Observer 关于 Walter Gilbey’s Stirling welcome 的报道。
A small, light two-wheeled (later four-wheeled), one-horse vehicle for driving in. Used for short trips, such as to meet guests at the railway station or going shopping. The first Perth Dog-Cart was made by Mr William Kinross in Stirling, and a good many more like it. The Dog-Cart was derived from a gig and was used for carrying four sportsmen sitting back to back with their dogs underneath in a deep boot with venetian slatted sides. Click here for photographs of a real Kinross two-wheeled Dog-Cart, a four-wheeled Dog-Cart, a Perth Cart or the Stirling Observer report of Walter Gilbey’s Stirling welcome.
Dormeuse 卧铺马车
一种专为长途探险设计的封闭式马车，车身弹簧良好，可转换为夜间旅行的睡眠舱。行李存放在车顶上。
An enclosed carriage designed for long expeditions with a well-sprung body that could be converted into sleeping accommodation for night-time travel. Luggage was stowed on the roof.
Fargon 行李车
富人用来运送行李和仆人的车辆。
A vehicle used by the wealthy to convey their luggage and servants.
Float 低板车
一种双轮 cart，地板非常低，用于运送重物，如牛奶桶（送奶车）或用于建筑的石材或大理石。这是通过使用曲轴实现的，就像 Governess Cart 一样。
A two wheeled cart with a very low floor for carrying heavy loads such as milk churns (milk float) or dressed stone or marble for building. This was achieved by having a cranked axle, like the governess cart.
Four-in-hand 四马驾车
由四匹马牵引，并由一人在驾驶座上驾驶的车辆。
A vehicle drawn by four horses driven by one person on the box.
Gig 单马双轮轻便马车
一种供两人乘坐的轻型双轮、单马车辆。被通勤者使用，是道路上最常见的车辆。点击此处查看真实的 Kinross Square Gig 和 Cab Fronted Gig。
A light two-wheeled, one-horsed vehicle for two people. Used by commuters, it was the most common vehicle on the road. See a real Kinross Square Gig and a Cab Fronted Gig here.
Governess Cart 女家庭教师马车
一种桶形、双轮、单马车辆，最初设计用于让家庭教师带着幼儿相对安全地出行。车身悬挂在椭圆弹簧上，带有曲轴以降低重心。通过后门进入，有一个供幼儿使用的低悬踏板，外门把手位置很低，在他们够不到的地方。主要缺点是侧向驾驶位置，以及在匆忙中难以打开门下车控制受惊马匹。“Long Saloon”展厅图片左侧的马车是 Governess Cart。点击此处查看一些真实的 Kinross Governess Carts。
A tub-shaped, two-wheeled, one-horsed vehicle originally designed for a governess to take young children in relative safety. The body was hung on elliptic springs with a cranked axle to give a lower centre of gravity. Access is by a rear door with a low-hung step for small children and the outside door handle is low down out of their reach. The main disadvantages are the sideways driving position and the difficulty of opening the door to get out in a hurry, to control an excited horse. The carriage on the left hand side of the picture of the “Long Saloon” showroom is a Governess Cart. See some real Kinross Governess Carts here.
Hansom Cab 汉索姆出租马车
一种供两人乘坐的双轮 Cabriolet，司机坐在后面，缰绳越过车顶，于 1834 年获得专利。尽管是供租赁的公共车辆，但许多是私人拥有的，被认为是相当时髦的车辆，以至于没有女士会在无人陪伴的情况下冒险乘坐。
A two-wheeled cabriolet for two inside, with the driver mounted behind and his reins going over the roof, patented in 1834. Despite being public vehicles for hire, many were privately owned and considered rather dashing vehicles such that no lady would venture out in one unaccompanied.
Hackney 出租马车
一种供租赁的 Hackney Coach 或马车。这些通常是贵族淘汰的马车，因其破旧和肮脏的内饰而备受鄙视。“Hackney Coach”来自法语“haquenée”，意为供租赁的马。
A hackney coach or carriage kept for hire. These were often the discarded coaches of the nobility and were much despised on account of their shabbiness and dirty interiors. ‘Hackney Coach’ comes from the French ‘haquenée’ meaning a horse for hire.
Jaunting Car 侧座车
一种传统的爱尔兰双轮车辆，带有悬挂在车轮上方的侧向座位。它从侧面驾驶，或从行李上方的中央前驾驶座驾驶，有相当不平衡的变体。虽然司机或“jarvey”需要相当高的技巧来侧向驾驶，但乘客也必须集中注意力坐在角落里，在潮湿的天气里保持双腿干燥，并避免因车辆宽度而被障碍物击中。也称为 Side Car、Irish Car 或 Outside Car。
A traditional Irish two-wheeled vehicle with side facing seats hung over the wheels. It was driven from the side or from a central front driver’s seat above the luggage in rather unbalanced variations. Whilst the driver or ‘jarvey’ required considerable skill, to drive sideways, the passengers also had to concentrate to stay seated on the corners, keep their legs dry in the wet and avoid being hit by obstacles due to the width of the vehicle. Also known as a Side Car, Irish Car or an Outside Car.
Landau 兰道马车
一种带有两部分可折叠车篷的四轮马车，前后两半可以独立升起和放下。最初来自德国 Landau。Canoe Landau 有一个圆形的下车身，看起来结构轻巧，而更棱角分明的 Shelborne Landau 的下车身则反映了座位的形状。查看 1871 年为“His Highness, The Rajah of Jowar”建造的 Kinross Canoe Landau 的广告，或“Long Saloon”展厅右侧的这辆 Canoe Landau。
A four-wheeled carriage with a folding two-part hood, the front and back halves of which can be raised and lowered independently. Originally from Landau, Germany. The Canoe Landau has a rounded underbody, which appears lightly built, compared to the more angular Shelborne Landau in which the underbody mirrors the shape of the seating. See an advert showing a Kinross Canoe Landau built for “His Highness, The Rajah of Jowar” in 1871 or this Canoe Landau on the right hand side of the “Long Saloon” showroom.
Omnibus 公共汽车
一种大型轮式公共车辆，在固定路线上行驶，在固定阶段或沿途任何地点接送乘客。Shillibeer 1829 年的第一辆 Omnibus 内部有可容纳 18 名乘客的长凳座位，后部有一扇门。William Kinross & Sons 因其在 1851 年大博览会上展出的改进型 Omnibus 设计而被授予银质奖章。
A large wheeled public vehicle, plying on a fixed route, taking and picking up passengers at fixed stages or at any point along the way. Shillibeer’s first omnibus of 1829 had bench seats for 18 passengers inside with a door at the back. William Kinross & Sons were awarded a silver medal for their improved omnibus design as exhibited at the 1851 Great Exhibition.
Perth-Cart 珀斯车
一种四轮 Dog-Cart，是 William Kinross & Sons 的特产。点击此处查看据信现存仅有的三辆 Perth Carts 中两辆的照片。
A four-wheeled Dog-Cart, which was a speciality of William Kinross & Sons. Click here for photographs of two of only three Perth Carts thought to remain in existence.
Phaeton 双马四轮轻便马车
一种轻型、通常低矮、四轮敞篷马车，由一对马匹牵引。希腊太阳神赫利俄斯的儿子法厄同因驾驶太阳战车技术不佳而闻名。查看 Kinross 夫人乘坐她优雅的 Show Phaeton 或她的 Cut-Under Phaeton 的照片。
A light, usually low, four-wheeled open carriage, drawn by a pair of horses. Phaethõn, the son of the Greek sun-god Helios, was famous for his bad driving of the sun chariot. See pictures of Mrs Kinross in her elegant Show Phaeton or her Cut-Under Phaeton. Pony Cart 小马车
一种用于驾驶小马的小型、轻便的双轮车辆。点击此处查看真实的 Kinross Pony Cart 的照片。
A small, light two-wheeled, vehicle for driving a pony in. Click here for photographs of a real Kinross Pony Cart.
Ralli-Car 拉利车
Dog-Cart 的一个分支，在 1898 年左右变得非常流行。它以希腊航运巨头、萨里郡多尔金 Ashtead Park 的 Pandia Ralli (1862-1924) 命名。有时车身比 Dog-Cart 低得多，因为车辕在车身内部运行。Ralli Car 具有优美的弯曲侧板，向外倾斜在车轮上方；这种车身风格受女性欢迎。点击此处查看两辆真实的 Kinross Ralli Cars 的照片。
An offshoot of the Dog-Cart that became very fashionable in about 1898. It was named after the Greek shipping magnate Pandia Ralli (1862-1924) of Ashtead Park, Dorking, Surrey. Sometimes the body was much lower than a Dog-Cart, because the shafts ran inside the body. A Ralli Car had graceful curved side panels inclining outwards over the wheels; the body style being popular with women. See photographs of two real Kinross Ralli Cars here.
Sociable 社交马车
一种低悬车辆，可容纳四人面对面而坐，由一对马匹牵引，从驾驶座驾驶。类似于 Victoria，但有车门。
A low-hung vehicle, carrying four seated vis-à-vis, drawn by a pair of horses and driven from the box seat. Similar to the Victoria, but with doors.
Sleigh 雪橇
雪橇通常从前座驾驶，并有一个高挡板，以帮助保护乘客免受马蹄踢出的雪块袭击。它们通常有一个后部折叠座供马夫使用，因为重量有助于抬起滑道的前部。
Sleighs are typically driven from the front seat and have a high dash board to help protect the passengers from the clods of snow thrown from the horse’s feet. They often have a rear rumble seat for the groom as the weight helps lift up the front of the runners.
Stage Coach 公共马车
一种大型四轮马车，通常由四匹马牵引，封闭式，车内和车顶有座位，以固定的费率和时间运送乘客，并在中途停下来用餐和更换马匹。
A large four wheeled carriage, usually four-horsed, enclosed with seats inside and on the roof, carrying passengers at fixed rates and times with stoppages for meals and relays of horses.
Sulky 单座双轮马车
一种非常高的单人双轮车辆，因此得名（注：Sulky 意为愠怒的、孤独的）。它用于计时小跑比赛，至今仍在使用，尽管现在的座位低得多。
A very high two wheeled vehicle for one person, hence its name. It was used for timed trotting matches and still is today, although the seat is much lower now.
Van 厢式货车
一种轻型、通用、四轮商业车辆，车身方形，侧面平坦，通常在箍上有帆布顶盖。驾驶座是前部的整个宽度，带有低踏板，没有适当的仪表板。Van 有弹簧，而 Waggon 或 Cart 则是实心轴。该名称源自 Caravan，即为了安全而一起旅行的货物列车或车队。点击此处查看真实的 Kinross Van 照片。
A light, general purpose, four-wheeled, trade vehicle with a square body and flat sides, often covered with a canvas top on hoops. The driving seat is the entire width of the front with a low footboard and there is no proper dashboard. A van has springs whilst a waggon or cart has solid axles. The name is derived from Caravan, which was a train or convoy of goods travelling together for safety. See photographs of a real KinrossVan here.
Victoria 维多利亚马车
一种轻型、低矮、四轮、单马马车，有两个座位，一个凸起的驾驶员座位和一个折叠车篷。它们没有车门，前后挡泥板几乎连续，像踏板一样向下扫过形成入口台阶。一种受女士欢迎的马车，部分原因是其名字的势利吸引力。
A light, low, four-wheeled, one horse carriage with a seat for two, a raised driver’s seat and a folding hood. They have no doors and have nearly continuous front and rear mudguards, which sweep down like a running board to form an entry step. A popular ladies’ carriage, partly through the snob appeal of its name.
Vis-À-Vis 面对面马车
一种狭窄的马车，只能“面对面”坐两个人，用于仪式场合。它很快被 Dress Chariots 和 State Coaches 取代，但这个名字被用于乘客面对面坐的马车。点击此处查看真实的 Kinross Vis-À-Vis 照片。
A narrow coach, seating only two people “face to face”, used for ceremonial occasions. It was soon superseded by Dress Chariots and State Coaches, but the name was used for carriages where the occupants sat opposite each other. See a photograph of a real Kinross Vis-À-Vis here.
Waggon 运货马车
一种四轮、重型运输农用车辆，由当地车轮匠手工制作。车轮之间的距离被设定为与当地道路车辙的轨距相匹配。英国各地大约有 35 种当地品种的 Waggon。车夫走在旁边，仅通过声音和长鞭或抓住缰绳来控制马匹。没有悬挂系统，大车轮可以应对不平坦的轨道。重型 Waggon 由一队挽马牵引，运行成本高，机动性差，不适合丘陵地区。“Wagon”通常指铁路货车，“Waggon”指公路货车。
A four-wheeled, heavy haulage farm vehicle handmade by the local wheelwright. The distance between the wheels was set to match the the gauge of the ruts in the local roads. There were roughly 35 local varieties of waggon around Britain. The carter walked alongside controlling the horse just by his voice and a long whip or by holding onto the bridle. There was no suspension and large wheels to cope with the uneven tracks. A heavy waggon was drawn by a team of carthorses which were expensive to run, with poor manoeuvrability and unsuitable for hilly regions. “Wagon” usually refers to a railway wagon and “waggon” to a road waggon.
Waggonette 小型运货马车
一种四轮、敞篷游乐车辆（或带有可拆卸盖子），供一匹或多匹马使用，带有侧向长凳座位。相当于多功能车的马车，非常适合家庭乡村郊游，行李存放在可拆卸座位下方。点击此处查看真实的 Kinross Wagonnette Break 照片（无拆卸座位）。
A four-wheeled, open pleasure vehicle (or with a removable cover) for one or more horses, with side facing bench seats. The carriage equivalent of a utility vehicle it was perfect for the family country outing with the luggage being stowed beneath the removable seats. See photographs of a real Kinross Wagonnette Break here (no removeable seats).